Types of Cervical Cancer

1. Squamous Cell Carcinoma:

   • Origin: Starts in the thin, flat cells lining the outer part of the cervix.
   • Prevalence: Most common type, accounting for about 70-90% of cervical cancers.

2. Adenocarcinoma:

   • Origin: Begins in the glandular cells that line the cervical canal.
   • Prevalence: Accounts for 10-20% of cervical cancers.

3. Adenosquamous Carcinoma:

   • Combination: Contains both squamous and glandular cancer cells.
   • Prevalence: Less common.

Causes and Risk Factors

1. Human Papillomavirus (HPV) Infection:

   • Primary Cause: HPV, especially high-risk types like HPV-16 and HPV-18, is responsible for the majority of cervical cancer cases.
   • Transmission: Sexually transmitted.

2. Other Risk Factors:

   • Smoking: Increases the risk of cervical cancer in women with HPV.
   • Immunosuppression: Weakened immune system (e.g., due to HIV).
   • Multiple Sexual Partners: Increases the likelihood of acquiring HPV.
   • Early Sexual Activity: Early exposure to HPV.
   • Long-term Use of Oral Contraceptives: Slightly increases risk.
   • Family History: Genetics may play a role.

Symptoms

Early stages of cervical cancer often have no symptoms. As the cancer progresses, symptoms may include:

• Vaginal Bleeding: After intercourse, between periods, or after menopause.
• Unusual Vaginal Discharge: May be watery, bloody, or have a foul odor.
• Pelvic Pain: May occur during intercourse or otherwise.

Diagnosis

1. Pap Test (Pap Smear):

   • Purpose: Detects precancerous changes in cervical cells.
   • Procedure: Cells are scraped from the cervix and examined under a microscope.

2. HPV DNA Test:

   • Purpose: Identifies the presence of high-risk HPV types.
   • Procedure: Often done in conjunction with a Pap test.

3. Colposcopy:

   • Purpose: Closer examination of the cervix for abnormal areas.
   • Procedure: Uses a special magnifying instrument.

4. Biopsy:

   • Purpose: Confirms diagnosis by examining a tissue sample.
   • Procedure: Removal of a small sample of cervical tissue.

Treatment

1. Surgery:

   • Types: Includes procedures like a hysterectomy (removal of the uterus) or conization (removal of a cone-shaped piece of tissue).

2. Radiation Therapy:

   • Purpose: Uses high-energy radiation to kill cancer cells or shrink tumors.
   • Approach: External beam radiation or brachytherapy (internal radiation).

3. Chemotherapy:

   • Purpose: Uses drugs to kill cancer cells.
   • Approach: Often combined with radiation therapy.

4. Targeted Therapy and Immunotherapy:

   • Purpose: Uses drugs that specifically target cancer cells or help the immune system fight cancer.

Prevention

1. HPV Vaccination:

   • Purpose: Protects against high-risk HPV types.
   • Age: Recommended for preteens, but can be given up to age 45.

2. Regular Screening:

   • Pap Smear: Starting at age 21, done every 3-5 years depending on age and results.
   • HPV Testing: Often starts at age 30, combined with Pap smear.

3. Safe Sexual Practices:

   • Condom Use: Reduces the risk of HPV transmission.
   • Limiting Number of Sexual Partners: Lowers risk of HPV infection.

4. Smoking Cessation:

   • Purpose: Reduces risk for cervical cancer and other health issues.

Prognosis

The prognosis for cervical cancer depends on:

• Stage at Diagnosis: Early-stage cancers have a higher cure rate.
• Treatment: Effective treatments are available, especially if detected early.
• Overall Health: General health can impact recovery and treatment outcomes.

Screening Guidelines (General)

• Ages 21-29: Pap smear every 3 years.
• Ages 30-65: Pap smear and HPV test every 5 years or Pap smear alone every 3 years.
• Ages 65+: Screening may be stopped if regular testing was done over the past 10 years with normal results.

For more detailed information, consult healthcare providers or reputable medical sources.

Useful Links: 

Private Gynaecologist London

Private Paediatrician in London

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